65 Polar Coordinates: Graphs
Learning Objectives
In this section you will:
- Test polar equations for symmetry.
- Graph polar equations by plotting points.
The planets move through space in elliptical, periodic orbits about the sun, as shown in (Figure). They are in constant motion, so fixing an exact position of any planet is valid only for a moment. In other words, we can fix only a planet’s instantaneous position. This is one application of polar coordinates, represented as [latex]\,\left(r,\theta \right).\,[/latex]
We interpret[latex]\,r\,[/latex]as the distance from the sun and[latex]\,\theta \,[/latex]as the planet’s angular bearing, or its direction from a fixed point on the sun. In this section, we will focus on the polar system and the graphs that are generated directly from polar coordinates.
Testing Polar Equations for Symmetry
Just as a rectangular equation such as[latex]\,y={x}^{2}\,[/latex]describes the relationship between[latex]\,x\,[/latex]and[latex]\,y\,[/latex]on a Cartesian grid, a polar equation describes a relationship between[latex]\,r\,[/latex]and[latex]\,\theta \,[/latex]on a polar grid. Recall that the coordinate pair[latex]\,\left(r,\theta \right)\,[/latex]indicates that we move counterclockwise from the polar axis (positive x-axis) by an angle of[latex]\,\theta ,\,[/latex]and extend a ray from the pole (origin)[latex]\,r\,[/latex]units in the direction of[latex]\,\theta .\,[/latex]All points that satisfy the polar equation are on the graph.
Symmetry is a property that helps us recognize and plot the graph of any equation. If an equation has a graph that is symmetric with respect to an axis, it means that if we folded the graph in half over that axis, the portion of the graph on one side would coincide with the portion on the other side. By performing three tests, we will see how to apply the properties of symmetry to polar equations. Further, we will use symmetry (in addition to plotting key points, zeros, and maximums of[latex]\,r)\,[/latex] to determine the graph of a polar equation.
In the first test, we consider symmetry with respect to the line[latex]\,\theta =\frac{\pi }{2}\,[/latex](y-axis). We replace[latex]\,\left(r,\theta \right)\,[/latex]with[latex]\,\left(-r,-\theta \right)\,[/latex]to determine if the new equation is equivalent to the original equation. For example, suppose we are given the equation[latex]\,r=2\mathrm{sin}\,\theta ;[/latex]
This equation exhibits symmetry with respect to the line[latex]\,\theta =\frac{\pi }{2}.[/latex]
In the second test, we consider symmetry with respect to the polar axis ([latex]\,x[/latex]-axis). We replace[latex]\,\left(r,\theta \right)\,[/latex]with[latex]\,\left(r,-\theta \right)\,[/latex]or[latex]\,\left(-r,\pi -\theta \right)\,[/latex]to determine equivalency between the tested equation and the original. For example, suppose we are given the equation[latex]\,r=1-2\mathrm{cos}\,\theta .[/latex]
The graph of this equation exhibits symmetry with respect to the polar a