1. An Invisible World
1. An Invisible World
2. How We See the Invisible World
2. How We See the Invisible World
2. How We See the Invisible World
3. The Cell
3. The Cell
3. The Cell
4. Prokaryotic Diversity
4. Prokaryotic Diversity
4. Prokaryotic Diversity
4. Prokaryotic Diversity
4. Prokaryotic Diversity
5. The Eukaryotes of Microbiology
6. Acellular Pathogens
6. Acellular Pathogens
6. Acellular Pathogens
6. Acellular Pathogens
7. Microbial Biochemistry
7. Microbial Biochemistry
7. Microbial Biochemistry
7. Microbial Biochemistry
8. Microbial Catabolism
8. Microbial Catabolism
9. Microbial Growth and Biosynthesis
9. Microbial Growth and Biosynthesis
9. Microbial Growth and Biosynthesis
9. Microbial Growth and Biosynthesis
9. Microbial Growth and Biosynthesis
9. Microbial Growth and Biosynthesis
9. Microbial Growth and Biosynthesis
10. Microbial Ecology and Applied Microbiology
10. Microbial Ecology and Applied Microbiology
10. Microbial Ecology and Applied Microbiology
11. Biochemistry of the Genome
11. Biochemistry of the Genome
12. Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics
12. Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics
12. Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics
13. Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics
13. Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics
14. Control of Microbial Growth
14. Control of Microbial Growth
14. Control of Microbial Growth
15. Antimicrobial Drugs
15. Antimicrobial Drugs
15. Antimicrobial Drugs
16. Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
16. Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
17. Disease and Epidemiology
18. Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses
18. Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses
18. Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses
18. Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses
18. Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses
18. Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses
19. Adaptive Specific Host Defenses
19. Adaptive Specific Host Defenses
19. Adaptive Specific Host Defenses
20. Diseases of the Immune System
20. Diseases of the Immune System
20. Diseases of the Immune System
21. Laboratory Analysis of the Immune Response
21. Laboratory Analysis of the Immune Response
21. Laboratory Analysis of the Immune Response
22. Skin and Eye Infections
22. Skin and Eye Infections
22. Skin and Eye Infections
22. Skin and Eye Infections
23. Respiratory System Infections
23. Respiratory System Infections
24. Urogenital System Infections
24. Urogenital System Infections
24. Urogenital System Infections
25. Digestive System Infections
25. Digestive System Infections
25. Digestive System Infections
26. Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections
26. Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections
27. Nervous System Infections
27. Nervous System Infections
27. Nervous System Infections
27. Nervous System Infections
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2. How We See the Invisible World
2. How We See the Invisible World
2. Introduction
When we look at a rainbow, its colours span the full spectrum of light that the human eye can detect and differentiate. Each hue represents a different frequency of visible light, processed by our eyes and brains and rendered as red, orange, yellow, green, or one of the many other familiar colours that have always been a part of the human experience. But only recently have humans developed an understanding of the properties of light that allow us to see images in colour.
Over the past several centuries, we have learned to manipulate light to peer into previously invisible worlds—those too small or too far away to be seen by the naked eye. Through a microscope, we can examine microbial cells and colonies, using various techniques to manipulate colour, size, and contrast in ways that help us identify species and diagnose disease.
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