158 Glossary: Production
- accounting profit
- total revenues minus explicit costs, including depreciation
- average profit
- profit divided by the quantity of output produced; profit margin
- average total cost
- total cost divided by the quantity of output
- average variable cost
- variable cost divided by the quantity of output
- constant returns to scale
- expanding all inputs proportionately does not change the average cost of production
- diseconomies of scale
- the long-run average cost of producing each individual unit increases as total output increases
- economic profit
- total revenues minus total costs (explicit plus implicit costs)
- explicit costs
- out-of-pocket costs for a firm, for example, payments for wages and salaries, rent, or materials
- firm
- an organization that combines inputs of labor, capital, land, and raw or finished component materials to produce outputs.
- fixed cost
- expenditure that must be made before production starts and that does not change regardless of the level of production
- implicit costs
- opportunity cost of resources already owned by the firm and used in business, for example, expanding a factory onto land already owned
- long-run average cost (LRAC) curve
- shows the lowest possible average cost of production, allowing all the inputs to production to vary so that the firm is choosing its production technology
- marginal cost
- the additional cost of producing one more unit
- private enterprise
- the ownership of businesses by private individuals
- production technologies
- alternative methods of combining inputs to produce output
- production
- the process of combining inputs to produce outputs, ideally of a value greater than the value of the inputs
- revenue
- income from selling a firm’s product; defined as price times quantity sold
- short-run average cost (SRAC) curve
- the average total cost curve in the short term; shows the total of the average fixed costs and the average variable costs
- total cost
- the sum of fixed and variable costs of production
- variable cost
- cost of production that increases with the quantity produced