2 1.1 The Basics
5 1.13 The Scientific Method
6 1.2 Epidemiology
8 1.4 Human Intervention Studies/Clinical Trials
11 1.7 Interpreting Research
13 2.1 Carbohydrates
14 2.11 Simple Carbohydrates
16 2.13 Alternative Sweeteners
17 2.14 Oligosaccharides
21 2.153 Fiber
26 2.24 Protein Functions
29 2.27 Protein Quality
32 2.31 How Does Fat Differ From Lipids?
33 2.32 Fatty Acids
35 2.34 Essential Fatty Acids & Eicosanoids
37 2.36 Phospholipids
38 2.37 Sterols
47 4.51 Diabetes
48 4.52 Glycemic Index
49 4.53 Glycemic Load
51 4.7 Lipid Uptake, Absorption & Transport
58 3.41 Digestive Hormones, Accessory Organs & Secretions
59 3.42 Carbohydrate Digestion in the Small Intestine
60 3.43 Protein Digestion in the Small Intestine
63 3.6 The Large Intestine
64 3.61 Probiotics & Prebiotics
66 5.6 Diverticulosis and Diverticulit
68 5.4 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
69 5.1 Peptic Ulcers
71 5.2 Gallstones
72 5.7 Hemorrhoids
74 6.1 Metabolism Basics
77 6.21 Monosaccharide Metabolism
78 6.22 Glycogenesis & Glycogenolysis
80 6.24 Transition Reaction
81 6.25 The Citric Acid Cycle
82 6.26 Electron Transport Chain
84 6.28 Anaerobic Respiration
86 6.31 Lipolysis (Triglyceride Breakdown)
87 6.32 Fatty Acid Oxidation (Beta-oxidation)
89 6.34 Ketone Body Synthesis
92 6.41 Transamination, Deamination & Ammonia Removal as Urea
93 6.42 Gluconeogenesis
97 7.1 Integration of Macronutrient and Alcohol Metabolic Pathways
98 7.2 Liver Macronutrient and Alcohol Metabolism
99 7.3 Extrahepatic Macronutrient Metabolism
102 7.33 Brain Macronutrient Metabolism
105 7.41 Fasting
106 7.42 Atkins Diet
107 7.43 Ornish/Pritikin Diet
109 8.1 Vitamins
111 8.3 Vitamins & Minerals Functional Categories
112 8.4 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
114 9.1 Antioxidants
115 9.11 Free Radicals & Oxidative Stress
116 9.12 What is an Antioxidant?
117 9.13 Meaningful Antioxidant(s)
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119 9.2 Vitamin E
121 9.22 Vitamin E Absorption, Metabolism, & Excretion
122 9.23 Dietary Vitamin E & Amounts Found in Body
123 9.24 Vitamin E Deficiency & Toxicity
124 9.25 Vitamin E DRI & IUs
126 9.31 Vitamin C Absorption & Tissue Accumulation
127 9.32 Enzymatic Functions
128 9.33 Vitamin C Deficiency (Scurvy)
132 9.42 Selenium Absorption, Excretion, Toxicity & Its Questionable Deficiency
133 10 Macronutrient Metabolism Micronutrients
137 10.2 Manganese
138 10.3 Thiamin
139 10.31 Thiamin Functions
141 10.4 Riboflavin
142 10.41 Riboflavin Functions
149 10.71 Vitamin B6 Functions
150 10.72 Vitamin B6 Deficiency & Toxicity
151 10.8 Biotin
152 10.81 Biotin Functions
154 10.83 Biotin Deficiency & Toxicity
155 11 One-Carbon Metabolism Micronutrients
156 11.1 Folate & Folic Acid
157 11.11 Folate Functions
159 11.2 Vitamin B12
160 11.21 Vitamin B12 Functions
161 11.22 Vitamin B12 Deficiency & Toxicity
168 12.14 Response to High Blood Calcium
172 12.21 Calcium Absorption
174 12.23 Calcium Functions
175 12.24 Calcium Deficiency & Toxicity
177 12.31 Phosphorus Functions
181 12.52 Vitamin K Deficiency & Toxicity
185 12.63 Vitamin A Nuclear Receptors
186 12.64 Vitamin A Functions
188 12.7 Iron
190 12.72 Iron Transport & Storage
191 12.73 Iron Functions
192 12.74 Iron Deficiency & Toxicity
195 12.82 Zinc Deficiency & Toxicity
196 12.9 Copper
197 12.91 Copper Functions
199 12.93 How High Zinc Intake Can Lead to Copper & Iron Deficiencies
201 13.1 Electrolytes
205 13.5 Magnesium
206 13.6 Hypertension, Salt-Sensitivity & the DASH Diet
207 Welcome
214 Term Research Project
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114 9.1 Antioxidants
114 9.1 Antioxidants
The antioxidant vitamins and minerals are:
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin C
- Selenium
- Iron
- Copper
- Zinc
- Manganese
- Riboflavin
In this section, we are going to cover vitamin E, vitamin C, and selenium in detail because being an antioxidant is their primary function. Iron, copper, zinc, and manganese are cofactors for the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase, as shown below.
Superoxide dismutase converts superoxide into hydrogen peroxide. Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide into water. Iron, copper, and zinc will be covered in more detail in the blood, bones, and teeth chapter (chapter 11). Manganese will be covered in the macronutrient metabolism chapter.
Riboflavin, in the cofactor FAD, is an important cofactor for several antioxidant enzymes, but it will be covered in more depth in the macronutrient metabolism micronutrients chapter (Chapter 10).
Subsections:
9.11 Free Radicals & Oxidative Stress