Module 28: Introduction to the Extremities
Learning Objectives:
By the end of this class, students will be able to:
- Describe the various surface markings on bones and their functions.
- Differentiate the girdles of the appendicular skeleton.
- Summarize skeletal muscle types.
- Recognize different fascicle arrangements.
- Review how muscle type can infer the range of motion about a joint and force produced by the muscle.
- Recognize what actions muscles perform and to correlate muscle locations to actions performed.
- Describe muscle compartments.
- Correlate similarities in function, innervation, and blood supply to the compartments.
- Infer how names of skeletal muscles will help identify and locate the muscles.
Terms to Know
|
Bone Markings
|
Bones
Skeletal Muscles
Other
*Covered only in lecture, not in this text |
*All of the topics covered in this eReader module will be covered in the Assignment. Some of this information will be reviewed and built upon in lecture.
Bone markings
The surface features of bones vary considerably, depending on the function and location in the body. There are three general classes of bone markings:
- Articular surfaces and related features: An articulation is where two bone surfaces come together, forming a joint. These surfaces tend to conform to one another, such as one being rounded and the other cupped, to facilitate the function of the articulation.
- Condyle: Large rounded articular surface
- Facet: Flat articular surface
- Head: Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
- Neck: Narrowed region next to the head
- Trochlea: smooth spool-shaped surface
- Tendon and/or ligament attachments: These surface features typically project at least a small amount above the surface of the bone or form a rough area on the surface of the bone. In general, their size and shape are an indication of the forces exerted through the attachment to the bone. The larger the attachment site, the greater the force transmitted through the attachment.
- Crest: Narrow prominent ridge of bone
- Epicondyle: A raised area on or above a condyle
- Line: Narrow ridge of bone
- Process: Bony prominence
- Spine: Sharp, slender projection
- Trochanter: Very large, irregularly shaped process
- Tubercle: Small rounded projection or process
- Tuberosity: Large rounded projection, may be roughened
- Opening and depressions: A hole is an opening or groove in the bone that allows blood vessels and nerves to enter the bone. As with the other markings, their size and shape reflect the size of the vessels and nerves that penetrate the bone at these points.
- Fossa: Shallow basin–like depression
- Groove: … a groove
- Sulcus: a larger groove
- Notch: Indentation at the edge of a bone
- Foramen: Round or oval hole through a bone
- Canal: Elongated passage in bone
- Fissure: Slit through bone
- Fovea: a small pit
Muscle Attachments and actions
Muscles attach to bones via tendons. You have already read about the bony prominences that serve as muscle attachme