5.11. Control Theories
Brian Fedorek
Previously discussed theories asked why people commit crimes. The methods used tried to identify the driving forces behind a criminal’s behavior. For example, biological and psychological theories sought to identify traits that determined criminality. Strain theories assume people are good, but bad things happen, which causes many to be pushed into criminal behaviors. These attitudes, especially when reinforced, will prevail in social situations. Control theories differ in their approach. Instead of assuming criminals have “something” or experienced “something” that drives their criminal behavior, control theories ask why more people do not engage in illegal behavior. Control theories assume people are naturally selfish, and if left to their own devices, will commit illegal and immoral acts. Control theories try to identify what types of “controls” a person may have that stop them from becoming “uncontrollable.”
Early control theorists argued that there are multiple controls on individuals. Personal controls are exercised through reflection and following pro-social normative behavior. Social controls originate in social institutions like family, school, and religious conventions. Toby (1957) introduced the phrase “stakes in conformity,” which is how much a person has to lose if he or she engages in criminal behavior.[1] The more stakes in conformity a person has, the less likely they would be willing to commit a crime. For example, a married teacher with kids has quite a bit to lose if he or she decides to start selling drugs. If caught, he could lose his job, get divorced, and possibly lose custody of his children. However, juveniles tend not to have kids nor are they married. They may have a job, but indeed not a career. Since they have fewer stakes in conformity, they would be much more likely to commit crimes compared to the teacher.
Travis Hirschi is most associated with control theories. In 1969, he argued that all humans have the propensity to commit crime, but those who have strong bonds and attachments to social groups like family and school are less likely to commit crime. [2]Often known as social bond theory or social control theory, Hirschi presented four elements of a social bond – attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. Attachment refers to the affection we have towards others. If we have strong bonds, we are more likely to care about their opinions, expectations, and support. Attachment involves an emotional connectedness to others, especially parents, who provide indirect control.
Parenting Exercise
Parenting can be a challenging responsibility. Fare is supposed to suppose to teach children how to behave. Ideally, parents have control over their children in many ways.
- What are ways parents have “direct” control over their children?
- What are ways parents have “indirect” control over their children?
Commitment refers to the rational component of the social bond. If we are committed