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First Aorist Active Participle
The pattern to form the FIRST AORIST ACTIVE participle is:
- verb stem + σα + ντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings
Predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular of first aorist active participles:
- Masculine: (-σαντς→-σανς→) –σας
- Feminine: (-σαντσα→-σανσα→) –σασα
- Neuter: (-σαντ→) –σαν
In other words, to form the first aorist active participle, add the inflected athematic endings of ς, σα, ν to the aorist stem (i.e. verb stem + σα). As with present active participles:
- A σ is added before the 1st declension endings for the FEMININE
- 1st declension endings for the FEMININE are ᾰ in the nom. and acc. sing.
- The persistent accent is on the LAST VOWEL SOUND of the VERB STEM.
Finally, remember that only past tense INDICATIVE verbs receive an AUGMENT. Participles, like infinitives, receive no augment.
Having loosened: First Aorist Active Participle of λύω loosen (S 306; GPH, p. 191)
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | λύσας | λύσασα | λῦσαν |
| Genitive | λύσαντος | λυσάσης | λύσαντος |
| κτλ |
Second Aorist Active Participle: Thematic
The pattern to form the SECOND AORIST ACTIVE participle is:
- verb stem + ντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings
If the SECOND AORIST is THEMATIC, sound changes yield endings identical with the nominative singular of thematic present active participles:
-
- Masculine: (-οντς→-ονς→) –ων
- Feminine: (-οντσα→-ονσα→) –ουσα
- Neuter: (-οντ→) –ον
There are two differences between the ACTIVE THEMATIC participles of the PRESENT and the SECOND AORIST:
- Stem
- The PRESENT uses the PRESENT TENSE stem
- The SECOND AORIST uses the VERB stem
- Accent
- The PRESENT accents the LAST VOWEL SOUND of the TENSE STEM
- The SECOND AORIST accents the THEMATIC VOWEL sound
In other words, to form the second aorist active thematic participle, add –ών –οῦσα –όν to the verb stem.
Having taken: Second Aorist Active Participle of λαμβάνω take (S 305a; GPH, p. 193)
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | λαβών | λαβοῦσα | λαβόν |
| Genitive | λαβόντος | λαβούσης | λαβόντος |
| κτλ |
Second Aorist Active Participle: Athematic
Athematic (-μι) second aorist verbs have no thematic vowel before the ντ marker. The result is the following pattern:
- verb stem + ντ + 3-1-3 adjective endings
As with present active athematic participles, predictable sound changes yield the following endings for the nominative singular of athematic present active participles:
- Masculine: (-ντς→-νς→) –ς
- Feminine: (-ντσα→-νσα→) –σα
- Neuter: (-ντ→) –ν
In other words, for athematic verbs, simply add ς, σα, ν as an ending to the verb stem. Note that for δίδωμι, τίθημι, ἵστημι, and ἵημι, the AORIST ACTIVE participle is identical with the PRESENT ACTIVE participle except for the REDUPLICATION in the present:
- διδούς/δούς
- τιθείς/θείς
- ἱστάς/στάς
- ἱείς/εἵς
Having given: Aorist Active Participle of δίδωμι give (S 307, 416; GPH, p. 206)
| M | F | N | |
| Nominative | δούς | δοῦσα | δόν |
| Genitive | δόντος | δούσης | δόντος |
| κτλ |