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Vocative Case
You have already learned the four most commonly used cases for Greek nouns and adjectives: nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative. This lesson presents the final case: the VOCATIVE.
The vocative case is used for the person or persons directly addressed. For example:
- Jurymen, I submit the following evidence.
- Where are you going, Odysseus?
Most often, the NOMINATIVE forms of nouns and adjectives double as VOCATIVE forms. When Greek speakers were being formal or polite, they would use the marker ὦ (like the English “O Brother…”) to signal the vocative case, but it is not necessary, and ὦ is often best left untranslated in English.
IDENTICAL NOMINATIVES/VOCATIVES
1. Plural
In the plural, ALL NOUNS/ADJECTIVES simply use their NOMINATIVE PLURAL forms for the VOCATIVE:
- παραδίδοτε, ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τὴν πατρίδα.
2. Neuter
ALL NEUTER nouns/adjectives simply use their NOMINATIVE SINGULAR and PLURAL forms for the VOCATIVE:
- παραδίδως, ὦ τέκνον, τὴν πατρίδα.
- Child, you are betraying your country.
- παραδίδοτε, ὦ τέκνα, τὴν πατρίδα.
- Children, you are betraying your country.
3. 1st Declension Feminine
ALL 1st DECLENSION FEMININE NOUNS/ADJECTIVES use their NOMINATIVE SINGULAR forms for the VOCATIVE:
- nominative sing.: ἡ ἡμέρα, ἡ τέχνη
- vocative sing.: ὦ ἡμέρα, ὦ τέχνη
DIFFERENT NOMINATIVES/VOCATIVES
For some declensions, the ending for the MASCULINE or FEMININE SINGULAR VOCATIVE may differ from the NOMINATIVE. In such cases, the vocative is most often formed in one of three ways, none of which offer significant problems of identification:
- 2nd declension: –ος is replaced with –ε
- 3rd declension: the stem is used on its own
- 3rd declension: the stem is shortened to end in an allowable Greek sound
1. Replacing –ος with –ε for 2nd declension
All masculine (and feminine) nouns/adjectives of the 2nd declension form their vocative with –ε.
- παραδίδως, ὦ ἀδελφέ, τὴν πατρίδα.
- Brother, you are betraying your country.
- ἀδελφός → ἀδελφέ (voc.)
2. Using the stem of 3rd declension
Some masculine and feminine nouns/adjectives – e.g., those whose stems end in –ερ, –εσ, –ι, and –υ – use just their STEM for the vocative singular.
- παραδίδως, ὦ πάτερ, τὴν πατρίδα.
- Father, you are betraying your country.
- πατήρ (stem = πατερ) → πάτερ (voc.)
- παραδίδως, ὦ μῆτερ, τὴν πατρίδα.
- Mother, you are betraying your country.
- μήτηρ (stem = μητερ) → μῆτερ (voc.)
- παραδίδως, ὦ θύγατερ, τὴν πατρίδα.
- Daughter, you are betraying your country.
- θυγάτηρ (stem = θυγατερ) → θύγατερ (voc.)
- παραδίδως, ὦ ἄνερ, τὴν πατρίδα.
- Man, you are betraying your country.
- ἀνήρ (stem = ἀνερ) → ἄνερ (voc.)
- παραδίδως, ὦ Σώκρατες, τὴν πατρίδα.
- Socrates, you are betraying your country.
- Σωκράτης (stem = Σωκρατες) → Σώκρατες (voc.)
- παραδίδως, ὦ βασιλεῦ, τὴν πατρίδα.
- King, you are betraying your country.
- βασιλεύς (stem = βασιλευ) → βασιλεῦ (voc.)
1st DECLENSION MASCULINE nouns also usually use just their stem.
- παραδίδως, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, τὴν πατρίδα μου.
- H