3.1 Equivalent Resistance
Consider the circuit of figure 3.1 which has 12 resistors and a battery, and contemplate the effort involved in analyzing this circuit. (Recall that “analyze a circuit” usually means determining the currents and voltages associated with all circuit elements.) The circuit has 13 elements so there are 26 voltage and current variables involved. The battery voltage is given, so there are 25 unknowns. Suppose our analysis goal was simply to determine the current, , drawn from the battery. Repeated application of KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s law, applied with a degree of trial and error, and a good deal of patience, would ultimately lead to . In this section, we consider techniques for replacing resistive networks with simpler equivalent resistances. We will show that the 12 resistors shown below can be replaced with a single resistor having value , from which the current, , can be readily obtained via Ohm’s law.
Resistors in series. Consider the series combination of resistors shown in fig. 3.2. We want to determine the value of the single resistor that is equivalent to this series combination, in the sense that the series combination and each have the same relationship , , as indicated in fig. 3.3.
The relationship of the series combination is found by applying KVL to the loop in the left-most circuit of fig. 3.3, and noting that the same current flows through all series resistors, . Thus,
(1)
from which we find the relationship,
(2)
.
For the equivalent circuit on the right side of fig. 3.3, we can write the expression by immediate application of Ohm’s law, namely,
(3)
The two relationships of equations (2) and (3) are equivalent if
(4)
and we see that the series combination of resistors is equivalent to a single resistor having resistance equal to the sum of the individual resistances.
The take-away point is that in any circuit, we are free to replace any series combination of resistors with an equivalent resistor equal to the sum of the series resistances, without impacting the circuit.
Examples
Determine the equivalent resistance for a series connection of five resistors shown in fig. 3.4.
Solution: The single resistor on the right side of fig. 3.4 has a resistance equivalent to the five series-connected resistors.
Resistors absorb energy and consequently they are limited in the amount of power they can handle without potentially heating up causing thermal problems in a circuit. Resistors are rated to handle a certain amount of power, and , , and rated resistors are common. The resistors in the ECE361 kits are all rated at . Although the two circuits shown in fig. 3.4 are electrically equivalent, the circuit on the left can handle more power, and hence higher voltage and current, than the circuit on the right, as we explore in the following example:
Examples
Determine maximum voltage for the two circuits shown fig. 3.4 if all the resistors are rated at a maximum power of .
Solution: Consider the resistor. The maximum power and vo