Chapter 13. Electromagnetic Induction
13.6 Electric Generators and Back Emf
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Explain how an electric generator works
- Determine the induced emf in a loop at any time interval, rotating at a constant rate in a magnetic field
- Show that rotating coils have an induced emf; in motors this is called back emf because it opposes the emf input to the motor
A variety of important phenomena and devices can be understood with Faraday’s law. In this section, we examine two of these.
Electric Generators
Electric generators induce an emf by rotating a coil in a magnetic field, as briefly discussed in Motional Emf. We now explore generators in more detail. Consider the following example.
Example
Calculating the Emf Induced in a Generator Coil
The generator coil shown in Figure 13.27 is rotated through one-fourth of a revolution (from [latex]\theta =0\text{°}[/latex] to[latex]\theta =90\text{°}[/latex]) in 15.0 ms. The 200-turn circular coil has a 5.00-cm radius and is in a uniform 0.80-T magnetic field. What is the emf induced?
Strategy
Faraday’s law of induction is used to find the emf induced:
We recognize this situation as the same one in Example 13.6. According to the diagram, the projection of the surface normal vector [latex]\hat{\textbf{n}}[/latex] to the magnetic field is initially[latex]\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\theta ,[/latex] and this is inserted by the definition of the dot product. The magnitude of the magnetic field and area of the loop are fixed over time, which makes the integration simplify quickly. The induced emf is written out using Faraday’s law:
Solution
Show Answer
We are given that [latex]N=200,[/latex] [latex]B=0.80\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{T},[/latex] [latex]\theta =90\text{°}[/latex], [latex]d\theta =90\text{°}=\pi \text{/}2[/latex], and [latex]dt=15.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{ms}.[/latex] The area of the loop is
Entering this value gives
Significance
This is a practical average value, similar to the 120 V used in household power.
The emf calculated in Example 13.9 is the average over one-fourth of a revolution. What is the emf at any given instant? It varies with the angle between the magnetic field and a perpendicular to the coil. We can get an expression for emf as a function of time by considering the motional emf on a rotating rectangular coil of width w and height l in a uniform magnetic field, as illustrated in Figure 13.28.
Charges in the wires of the loop experience the magnetic force, because they are moving in a magnetic field. Charges in the vertical wires experience forces parallel to the wire, causing currents. But those in the top and bottom segments feel a force perpendicular to the wire, which does not cause a current. We can thus find the induced emf by considering only the side wires. Motional emf is given to be [latex]\epsilon =Blv[/latex], where the velocity v is perpendicular to the magnetic field B. Here the velocit