4 CNS – Integrated CNS Function (4/6) -- Workbook for BIOL2010U Human Physiology

4 CNS – Integrated CNS Function Objectives - Involuntary Movement - Voluntary Movement - Language - Sleep - Learning and Memory Interactive Activities Critical Thinking Questions Learning Summary - Involuntary Movement Through Reflexes - Neural Pathways: series of neurons connected by synapses that form a line of communication for a specific task. - Reflex arc (Figure 9.18 Schematic representation of a reflex arc) - Classes of Reflexes: Level of neural processing (Spinal or Cranial), Efferent division controlling effector (Somatic or Autonomic), Developmental pattern (Innate or Conditioned), Number of synapses in the pathway (Monosynaptic or polysynaptic) - Stretch Reflex (Figure 9.19 The muscle spindle stretch reflex) - Withdrawal and Crossed-Extensor Reflexes (Figure 9.20 Withdrawal and crossed-extensor reflexes) - Pupillary Light Reflex: Autonomic/cranial reflex, Innate reflex, Polysnaptic reflex, reflex arc - Voluntary Motor Control (Figure 9.21 Steps in voluntary movement) - Idea, Program, Execution, and Feedback - Lateral Pathways Control Voluntary Movement: Pyramid Tracts, Extrapyramidal Tracts - Cerebellum and Motor Coordination (Figure 9.23 Major pathways for information flow to and from the cerebellum) - Basal Nuclei in Motor Control - Language: Wernicke’s and Broca’s - Sleep Theories: body rests, brain rest, enhances memory, enhances learning, supports adequate immune system. - Study of Sleep - Electroencephalography (EEG) - 2 types of sleep: slow-wave sleep and REM sleep (Table 9.4 Cjarctersitcs of Slow-wave sleep and REM sleep) - Sleep-wake cycles: Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), Forebrain - Sleep-Wake Neurotransmitters - Awake state: Acetylcholine, Norephineepherine and dopamine - Sleep state: Adenosine, Acetylcholine - EEG Waves - Stages of Sleep (Figure 9.27 Stages of Sleep) - Learning, Associative learning, Non-associative learning, Memory - Memory Process: Procedural and Declarative memory - Short-term and Long-term memory - Plasticity in the Nervous System: altar anatomy and function in response to changes in activity patterns. - Plasticity in the Nervous System: increased sensitivity NT causes increased sensitivity in postsynaptic cells.