Chapter 12: Western Europe and Byzantium circa 1000–1500 CE
Chapter 12: Western Europe and Byzantium circa 1000–1500 CE
Andrew Reeves
12.1 CHRONOLOGY
|
Chronology |
Western Europe and Byzantium |
|
c. 1000–1100 CE |
Emergence of Western European feudalism |
|
1054 CE |
Schism between the pope and the patriarch of Constantinople |
|
1066 CE |
Norman conquest of England |
|
1071 CE |
Battle of Manzikert annihilates Byzantine field army |
|
1088–1231 CE |
Foundation of Universities of Bologna, Paris, Oxford, and Cambridge |
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1095 CE |
Council of Clermont, calling of the First Crusade |
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1099 CE |
Fall of Jerusalem to Christian Crusaders, establishment of Crusader States |
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1122 CE |
Concordat of Worms |
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1125–1152 CE |
Raymond is archbishop of Toledo, begins sponsoring the translation of Muslim and Greek philosophy from Arabic into Latin |
|
1189–1192 CE |
The Third Crusade, a rump (remnant of a larger government) Christian kingdom of Jerusalem is re-established, but Jerusalem remains in Muslim hands |
|
1204 CE |
Crusaders sack Constantinople, break-up of the Byzantine Empire |
|
1215 CE |
Magna Carta |
|
1240 CE |
Mongol conquest of Kievan Rus |
|
1241 CE |
Mongol invasion of Hungary |
|
1244 CE |
Jerusalem falls to Ayyubid Egypt |
|
1248–1254 CE |
The Seventh Crusade, France’s King Louis IX defeated by Egypt, Egyptian Mamluk coup d’état |
|
1292 CE |
Last Crusader territory in the Levant falls to Mamluk Egypt |
|
309 CE |
Beginning of Avignon papacy |
|
1315–1322 CE |
The Great Famine |
|
1337 CE |
The Hundred Years’ War begins |
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c. 1350 CE |
Beginning of Italian Renaissance and humanism |
|
1347–1351 CE |
The Black Death, nearly a third of Europe’s population dies |
|
1356 CE |
The Holy Roman Empire becomes an elected monarchy |
|
1358 CE |
French peasant revolt |
|
1378 CE |
Beginning of Great Schism |
|
1385 CE |
Lithuania united with Poland, Lithuanian monarch converts to Christianity |
|
1415–1417 CE |
Council of Constance resolves the Great Schism |
|
1453 CE |
Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, final fall of the Byzantine Empire; end of Hundred Years’ War and English attempts to conquer France |
|
1455–1495 CE |
Wars of the Roses in England |
|
1479 CE |
Marriage of Queen Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon creates a united Spanish monarchy |
|
1492 CE |
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella complete the Reconquista with the conquest of Granada; Christopher Columbus, sailing for the Spanish crown, makes landfall in the Western Hemisphere |
|
1494 CE |
France invades Italy |
12.2 INTRODUCTION
15 July 1099: The Al-Aqsa Mosque looked down on the city of Jerusalem, the light of the sun reflecting off of its golden dome. Down below the hill on which the mosque stood, a scene of slaughter was unfolding. Up against the northern wall of the city stood a wooden tower laboriously rolled into place hours earlier, over the top of which had poured a desperate band of European knights, the first over the walls of the Holy City.
Within the walls, the narrow, winding streets between the ancient stone bu