13 Chapter 12: Western Europe and Byzantium circa 1000 – 1500 CE
13 Chapter 12: Western Europe and Byzantium circa 1000 – 1500 CE
12.1 CHRONOLOGY
| 962 CE | Otto I crowned Holy Roman Emperor |
| 987 CE | Hugh Capet elected king of France |
| c. 1000 – 1100 CE | Emergence of Western European feudalism |
| 1031 CE | Fall of the Cordoba Caliphate |
| 1049 CE | Pope Leo IX begins papal efforts at Church reform |
| 1054 CE | Schism between the pope and the patriarch of Constantinople |
| 1066 CE | Norman Conquest of England |
| 1071 CE | Battle of Manzikert annihilates Byzantine field army |
| 1077 CE | Henry IV repents to Pope Gregory VII at Canossa |
| 1085 CE | Fall of Muslim Toledo to the Christian kingdom of Leon-Castile |
| 1088 – 1231 CE | Foundation of Universities of Bologna, Paris, Oxford, and Cambridge |
| 1091 CE | Norman conquest of Muslim Sicily complete |
| 1095 CE | Council of Clermont, calling of the First Crusade |
| 1099 CE | Fall of Jerusalem to Christian Crusaders, establishment of Crusader States |
| 1100 – 1135 CE | King Henry I rules England |
| 1118 – 1143 CE | Emperor John II rules the Byzantine Empire |
| 1122 CE | Concordat of Worms |
| 1125 – 1152 CE | Raymond is archbishop of Toledo, begins sponsoring the translation of Muslim and Greek philosophy from Arabic into Latin |
| 1143 – 1180 CE | Emperor Manuel Komnenos rules the Byzantine Empire |
| 1154 – 1189 CE | King Henry II rules England |
| 1176 CE | Frederick Barbarossa defeated by Lombard League at the Battle of Legnano; Manuel Komnenos defeated by Saljuq Turks at the Battle of Myriokephalon |
| 1187 CE | Kingdom of Jerusalem defeated by Saladin at the Battle of Hattin, fall of Jerusalem, Pope Gregory VIII issues Audita tremendi, calling the Third Crusade |
| 1189 – 1192 CE | The Third Crusade, a rump (remnant of a larger government) Christian
Kingdom of Jerusalem is re-established, but Jerusalem remains in Muslim hands |
| 1203 – 1226 CE | France’s Capetian kings extend the control of lands directly ruled by the
crown |
| 1204 CE | Crusaders sack Constantinople, break-up of the Byzantine Empire |
| 1212 CE | Almohad Caliphate defeated by Spanish Christian kingdoms at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
|
| 1215 CE | Magna Carta |
| 1215 – 1250 CE | Frederick II is Holy Roman Emperor |
| 1224 – 1274 CE | Life of St. Thomas Aquinas |
| 1229 CE | A treaty between Frederick II and Egyptian sultan al-Kamil returns Jerusalem to Christian rule
|
| 1240 CE | Mongol Conquest of Kievan Rus |
| 1241 CE | Mongol invasion of Hungary |
| 1244 CE | Jerusalem falls to Ayyubid Egypt |
| 1248 – 1254 CE | The Seventh Crusade, France’s King Louis IX defeated by Egypt,
Egyptian Mamluk coup d’état |
| 1250 – 1273 CE | There is no Holy Roman Emperor |
| 1261 CE | Restoration of the Byzantine Empire |
| 1291 CE | Last Crusader territory in the Levant falls to Mamluk Egypt |
| c. 1300 CE | Genoese sailors begin exploring the Atlantic Ocean |
| early 1300s CE | Genoese sailors are visiting the Canary Islands |
| 1309 CE | Beginning of Avignon papacy |
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