Some of the basic rules of commas have been covered in other portions of this bo
Some of the basic rules of commas have been covered in other portions of this book. The information below reviews the basic rules and includes a few more.
The comma is the most widely misused form of punctuation. If you remember that the comma is used for two basic purposes – to separate or to enclose – you will easily understand how to use it correctly.
Commas to separate
Commas are used to separate items in a sentence or separate elements. Each of these purposes are elaborated below.
1. Commas are used to separate items in a sentence.
In fact, they can be used to separate any of the following:
- items in a series
- information that comes before the main clause
- two independent clauses joined by a FANBOYS
1a. Commas used to separate items in a series
Refer to the examples below.
| Rule | Examples | A note about the final comma in a series |
|---|---|---|
|
Use a comma to separate each item in a series; a series is a group of three or more items having the same function and form in a sentence. |
We bought a printer, a desk, and a coffee maker for our new office. (a series of words) Our manager promised to review the report, contact our client, and hold a meeting with shareholders. (a series of phrases) We were relieved to learn that our production line was on time, that our manager was satisfied with the costing, and that the project would soon be over. (series of clauses) |
Technically, it’s grammatically optional in American English. However, depending on the list you are writing out, omitting it can lead to some confusion. APA Style Guide recommends using a comma before the word “and”. |
1b. Commas used to separate information that comes before the main clause (independent clause)
A comma tells readers that the introductory material has come to a close and that the main part of the sentence is about to begin.
Introductory material can include the following:
- a word
- a phrase
- a clause
| Examples: A word before the main clause |
Examples: A phrase before the main clause | Examples: A clause before the main clause |
|---|---|---|
|
John, you really should consider joining our department’s soccer team. |
On Mondays, we often have impromptu meetings. |
Because we realize the importance of developing our business communications skills, we are happy to be taking a business communications course. |
|
Indeed, it is an excellent way to get some exercise and meet colleagues. |
With your help, I’m sure we can achieve our marketing goals. |
As soon as we finish the initial phase, we will present a progress report to our manager. |
|
However, do remember that joining is entirely voluntary. |
Of all the marketing proposals, Alexander’s proposal was the most comprehensive. |
|
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To help you keep better records, we have created a user-friendly form. |
1c. Commas used to separate two independent clauses joined by a FANBOYS
- John completed the audit, and Mary wrote the report.
- We need to upgrade our software system, but we don’t have enough money in the