Private: Chapter Four
Key Terms, Key Equations, Summaries, and Exercises (Chapter 4)
Key Terms
axial position location in a trigonal bipyramidal geometry in which there is another atom at a 180° angle and the equatorial positions are at a 90° angle
binary acid compound that contains hydrogen and one other element, bonded in a way that imparts acidic properties to the compound (ability to release H+ ions when dissolved in water)
binary compound compound containing two different elements.
bond angle angle between any two covalent bonds that share a common atom
bond dipole moment separation of charge in a bond that depends on the difference in electronegativity and the bond distance represented by partial charges or a vector
bond distance (also, bond length) distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms
bond length distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms at which the lowest potential energy is achieved
covalent bond bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms
dipole moment property of a molecule that describes the separation of charge determined by the sum of the individual bond moments based on the molecular structure
double bond covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms
electron-pair geometry arrangement around a central atom of all regions of electron density (bonds, lone pairs, or unpaired electrons)
electronegativity tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a bond to itself
equatorial position one of the three positions in a trigonal bipyramidal geometry with 120° angles between them; the axial positions are located at a 90° angle
formal charge charge that would result on an atom by taking the number of valence electrons on the neutral atom and subtracting the nonbonding electrons and the number of bonds (one-half of the bonding electrons)
free radical molecule that contains an odd number of electrons
hypervalent molecule molecule containing at least one main group element that has more than eight electrons in its valence shell
inert pair effect tendency of heavy atoms to form ions in which their valence s electrons are not lost
ionic bond strong electrostatic force of attraction between cations and anions in an ionic compound
Lewis structure diagram showing lone pairs and bonding pairs of electrons in a molecule or an ion
Lewis symbol symbol for an element or monatomic ion that uses a dot to represent each valence electron in the element or ion
linear shape in which two outside groups are placed on opposite sides of a central atom
lone pair two (a pair of) valence electrons that are not used to form a covalent bond
molecular structure arrangement of atoms in a molecule or ion
molecular structure structure that includes only the placement of the atoms in the molecule
nomenclature system of rules for naming objects of interest
octahedral shape in which six outside groups are placed around a central atom such that a three-dimensional shape is generated with four groups forming a square and the