19 Introduction to Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth (9/23) -- Developmental Psychology

19 Introduction to Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth Learning Objectives At the end of this lesson, you will be able to - Define gene. - Define chromosome. - Define gamete. - Explain what determines the chromosomal sex of the child. - Question the assertion that human traits are genetic. - Compare monozygotic and dizygotic twins. - Differentiate between genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. - Describe Trisomy 21. - Differentiate between the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods of development. - Describe human development during the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods. - Describe a normal delivery and complications of pregnancy and delivery. - Predict the risks to prenatal development posed by exposure to teratogens. - Interpret APGAR scores. - Discover problems of newborns Heredity: The Epigenetic Framework Nature or Nurture? In this lesson, we will look at some of the ways in which heredity helps to shape the way we are. We will look at what happens genetically during conception and take a brief look some genetic abnormalities. Before going into these topics, however, it is important to emphasize the interplay between heredity and the environment. As you consider some of your features (height, weight, personality, being diabetic, etc.), ask yourself whether these features are a result of heredity or environmental factors-or both. Chances are, you can see the ways in which both heredity and environmental factors (such as lifestyle, diet, and so on) have contributed to these features. For decades, scholars have carried on the “nature/nurture” debate. For any particular feature, those on the “nature” side would argue that heredity plays the most important role in bringing about that feature. Those on the “nurture” side would argue that one’s environment is most significant in shaping the way we are. This debate continues in questions about what makes us masculine or feminine (Lippa, 2002), concerns about vision (Mutti, Kadnik and Adams, 1996), and many other developmental issues. (Check out www.googlescholar.com for over 20,000 entries for “current nature/nurture debates”!) Yet most scholars agree that there is a constant interplay between the two forces. It is difficult to isolate the root of any single behavior as a result solely of nature or nurture and most scholars believe that even determining the extent to which nature or nurture impacts a human feature is difficult to answer. In fact, almost all human features are polygenic (a result of many genes) and multifactorial (a result of many factors, both genetic and environmental). It’s as if one’s genetic make-up sets up a range of possibilities, which may or may not be realized depending upon one’s environmental experiences. For instance, a person might be genetically predisposed to develop diabetes, but the person’s lifestyle may help bring about the disease. The Epigenetic Framework Gottlieb (1998, 2000, 2002) suggests an analytic framework for the nature/nurture deba