The Meaning of Modals
can
General ability in the present to do something, or an informal request or permission granted.
Examples
- I can write a grammar book. George can sing better than his brother.
- Can I have the last cookie? Megan can use my book.
could
General ability in the past to do something, or an informal request or permission granted.
Examples
- Lester could play the piano when he was five.
- Could you pass the salt?
may
A formal request or permission granted, or a possibility, something that could or could not happen.
Examples
- May I go to the bathroom? Students may use a calculator on the test.
- I may go see the movie tonight, or I may wake up early tomorrow to see it.
might
A possibility, something that could or could not happen. Usually stronger possibility than may.
Example
- The library might allow students to bring in food.
must
Something that is a necessity either in the present or the future, a strong possibility, or a near certainty in the present or past.
Examples
- For the best result, you must mix the batter for five minutes.
- Andrew must be late.
- You must have left the tickets in the car.
should
Suggestions or advice, obligations or duties, or expectations.
Examples
- Everyone should drink water every day.
- The teacher should protect your personal information.
- Your food should arrive soon.
will
A certainty, request, or promise.
- Will you go to Miranda’s party with me?
- Jamie will plan the wedding.
would
Polite requests or repeated actions in the past.
Examples
- Would you help me finish this pie? I would like some milk.
- Whenever Elias needed help with writing, he would visit his professor.