Gas Exchange
5.10 Beta-2 Agonist
Beta-2 Agonist
Albuterol is an example of a short-acting Beta-2 agonist. See Figures 5.10[1] and 5.10a[2] for images of an albuterol inhaler and nebulizer.
Salmeterol is an example of a long-acting Beta-2 agonist.
See the “Autonomic Nervous System: Beta-2 Agonists” chapter for more information regarding Beta-2 agonists.
Mechanism of Action
Albuterol and salmeterol stimulate Beta 2-adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle of bronchi and bronchioles producing bronchodilation. Beta-1 receptors can also be inadvertently stimulated, causing tachycardia.
Indications for Use
Short-acting albuterol is used to prevent or treat bronchospasms in people with asthma, reversible obstructive airway disease, or exercise-induced bronchospasm. Long-acting salmeterol is used to prevent bronchospasm.
Adverse/Side Effects
Beta-2 agonists can cause muscle tremor, excessive cardiac stimulation, and CNS stimulation.[3]
Beta 2- Agonists Across a Life Span
Beta 2 receptors are found in babies from the 16th week of gestation. Short acting Beta 2-agonists therefore work well for children with asthma attacks as needed with chronic asthma. Some examples of usage include salbutamol or albuterol, and terbutaline. The best route to choose for preschool-aged children is a pressurized metered dose inhaler with a spacer device. Since there are some new oral formulations that are long acting Beta 2-agonists, medical investigation is underway as to whether the use of these oral forms for the child age population would be appropriate. Currently though, short acting Beta 2-agonists are used.
Client Teaching & Education
Clients should be instructed to take medication as directed and report to their healthcare provider any sustained or worsening symptoms. When first using an inhaler, clients should be instructed to prime the inhaler unit prior to administering their medication. Use of medications like albuterol can cause an unusual taste in the mouth, and rinsing the mouth with water after use is permitted. Clients should have an understanding of medication onset and use short-acting and long-acting inhalers appropriately.[4]
Albuterol and Salmeterol Medication Card
Now let’s take a closer look at the medication card for albuterol and salmeterol.[5],[6],[7],[8],[9]
Medication Card 5.10.1: Albuterol and Salmeterol
Class: Beta- 2 Agonists
Prototype: Salmeterol (long acting) and Albuterol (short acting)
Mechanism: Albuterol and salmeterol stimulate Beta 2-adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle of bronchi and bronchioles producing bronchodilation. Beta-1 receptors can also be inadvertently stimulated, causing tachycardia.
Therapeutic Effects
- Short-acting albuterol is used to prevent or treat bronchospasms in people with asthma, reversible obstructive airway disease, or exercise-induced bronchospasm. Short acting induces rapid bronchodilation and Long-acting salmeterol is used to prevent bronchospasms. Please note the differences
Administration
- Take as