3.Human Physiology
3.5 Movement
movement
Dr V Malathi
Human movement is a complex process involving the coordinated action of various systems in the body.
Types of Movements
- Flexion and Extension:Flexion and extension are motions of the body or limbs that occur in the sagittal plane and can be either anterior or posterior. In terms of the vertebral column, extension refers to a posterior-directed motion, such as straightening from a flexed posture or bending backward, whereas flexion, or anterior flexion, is the anterior (forward) bending of the neck or body. Bending the body or neck to the right or left is known as lateral flexion. The corresponding intervertebral disc and the joints of the vertebral column are both involved in these movements.
- Abduction and Adduction: Medial-lateral motions of the limbs, fingers, toes, or thumb are involved in abduction and adduction actions, which take place inside the coronal plane.
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- Abduction: Moving a limb away from the midline of the body (e.g., raising the arms sideways).
- Adduction: Moving a limb towards the midline of the body (e.g., lowering the arms to the sides).
3.Rotation: There are three possible locations for rotation: the ball-and-socket joint, the pivot joint, and the spinal column. The twisting motion that results from the accumulation of the minute rotational movements possible between neighboring vertebrae produces the rotation of the neck or body.
The ball-and-socket joints in the hip and shoulder can also rotate. Here, the anterior surface of the arm or thigh is moved either toward or away from the body’s midline as a result of the humerus and femur rotating about their long axes.
4.Circumduction: It is the movement of a body region in a circular manner. It is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (e.g., moving the arm in a circular motion).In this type of movement one end of the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle.
5. Pronation and Supination: These are movements of the forearm. The upper limb is held adjacent to the torso in the anatomical position, palm facing forward. This shows the forearm in a supinated position. The ulna and radius are parallel to one another in this configuration. When the forearm is in the pronated posture, the ulna and radius form an X, and the palm faces backward.
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- Pronation: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces downwards.
- Supination: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces upwards.
6.Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion : The ankle joint is a hinge joint, and its movements include dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. Dorsiflexion is the lifting of the foot’s front so that its top travels (upward) toward the anterior leg; plantar flexion is the lifting of the foot’s heel off the ground or pointing the toes downward. The ankle joint can only be moved in certain ways.
7. Inversion and eversion : These are complex movements that involve the multiple plane joints among the tarsal b