1.1 Crime and the Criminal Justice System
1.2 Deviance, Rule Violations, and Criminality
1.4 Consensus View and Decriminalizing Laws
1.6 The Four C’s: Cops, Courts, Corrections – and Citizens
1.9 Media Coverage of Crimes
References
2.3 What is Criminology?
2.4 Where Do Criminological Theories Come From?
2.5 The Classical School of Criminological Theory
2.6 The Positivist School of Criminological Theory
2.7 The Chicago School of Criminological Theory
2.9 The Contemporary School of Criminological Theory
2.10 Criminological Schools and Their Theories
References
3.2 Civil, Criminal, and Moral Wrongs
3.5 Sources of Law: Administrative Law, Common Law, Case Law and Court Rules
3.9 Procedural Law
3.11 The First Amendment
3.12 The Second Amendment
3.15 The Sixth Amendment
References
4.1 History of Policing in New Orleans
4.2 Sir Robert Peel
4.3 Levels of Policing and Role of Police
4.5 Police Diversity and Recruitment
4.6 Police Misconduct, Accountability, and Corruption
4.9 Police Accountability: Body Cameras
4.10 Police Accountability: Federal Interventions
4.11 Police Accountability: Reducing Discretion
5.2 Jurisdiction
5.3 Structure of the Courts: The Dual Court and Federal Court System
5.4 Structure of the Courts: State Courts
5.6 The Appeals Process, Standard of Review, and Appellate Decisions
5.7 Courtroom Players: Prosecutors
5.9 Courtroom Workgroup: Defense Attorneys
6.2 Indeterminate Sentencing
6.4 Presumptive Sentencing Guidelines
6.5 Mandatory Minimums and Sentencing Enhancements
6.6 Other Sentences: Physical Punishment
References
7.2 Retribution
7.3 Deterrence
7.5 Rehabilitation
7.8 Growth of Prisons in the United States
7.9 Types of Prisons
7.10 Prison Levels
8.2 Intermediate Sanctions
8.3 Probation
8.4 Boot Camps/Shock Incarceration
8.5 Drug Courts
8.7 House Arrest
8.8 Community Residential Facilities
8.10 Parole
9.2 Juvenile Justice Introduction
9.3 History of the Juvenile Justice System
9.4 Invention of Delinquency
9.5 Juvenile Justice System
9.6 Due Process Revolution in Juvenile Court
9.7 The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974
9.9 Returning to Rehabilitation in the Contemporary Juvenile Justice System
9.11 Juvenile Institutions
References
10.1 Current Issues: Mass Incarceration
10.2 Current Issues: The War on Drugs and Gangs
10.4 Current Issues: Transcarceration
10.5 Current Issues: The Revolving Door
10.6 Current Issues: Terrorism in America
10.7 Cybercrime
10.8 Homeland Security
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4.5 Police Diversity and Recruitment
4.5 Police Diversity and Recruitment
Franklyn Scott
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited employment discrimination on the basis of race, religion, national origin, and gender. In so doing, it opened a pathway into law enforcement professions for groups who had been largely excluded, namely women and people of color. While Title VII lawsuits have successfully struck down hiring requirements that were implicitly discriminatory (such as height or fitness requirements), the Civil Rights Act has also been used to reprimand and force changes at police agencies that did not extend equal opportunities for promotion to all employees or that created work environments that were hostile to those other than white men. Title VII has also led to the court-ordered adoption of affirmative action policies in hiring.