64 Key Terms for Learning (55/83) -- Introduction to Psychology & Neuroscienc...

64 Key Terms for Learning - acquisition - period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response - associative learning - form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning) - classical conditioning - learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behaviour and then gets paired or associated with the behaviour - cognitive map - mental picture of the layout of the environment - conditioned response (CR) - response caused by the conditioned stimulus - conditioned stimulus (CS) - stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus - continuous reinforcement - rewarding a behaviour every time it occurs - extinction - decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus - fear conditioning - a type of classical conditioning that elicits a fear response - fixed interval reinforcement schedule - behaviour is rewarded after a set amount of time - fixed ratio reinforcement schedule - set number of responses must occur before a behaviour is rewarded - higher-order conditioning - (also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus - insight - the sudden understanding of a solution to a problem - instinct - unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behaviour; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans - latent learning - learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it - law of effect - behaviour that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviours that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged - learning - change in behaviour or knowledge that is the result of experience - model - person who performs a behaviour that serves as an example (in observational learning) - negative punishment - taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behaviour - negative reinforcement - taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behaviour - neutral stimulus (NS) - stimulus that does not initially elicit a response - observational learning - type of learning that occurs by watching others - operant conditioning - form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behaviour is demonstrated - partial reinforcement - rewarding behaviour only some of the time - positive punishment - adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behaviour - positive reinforcement - adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behaviour - primary reinforcer - has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex) - punishment - implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behaviour - radic