64 Strength of Acids
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Strong Acids
In water, strong acids completely dissociate into free protons and their conjugate base.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Calculate pH for solutions of strong acids.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Key Points
- Strong acids can catalyze chemical reactions.
- Strong acids are defined by their [latex]\text{pK}_a[/latex]. The acid must be stronger in aqueous solution than a hydronium ion, so its [latex]\text{pK}_a[/latex] must be lower than that of a hydronium ion. Therefore, strong acids have a [latex]\text{pK}_a[/latex] of <-174.
- Strong acids can be organic or inorganic.
- Strong acids must be handled carefully because they can cause severe chemical burns.
- Strong acids are essential for catalyzing some reactions, including the synthesis and hydrolysis of carbonyl compounds.
Key Terms
- carbonyl: a divalent functional group ([latex]\text{-CO-}[/latex]), characteristic of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, carboxylic acid anhydrides, carbonyl halides, esters, and others.
- ester: a compound usually formed by condensing an alcohol and an acid and eliminating of water. it contains the functional group carbon-oxygen double bond joined via carbon to another oxygen atom
- hydrolysis: a chemical process of decomposition; involves splitting a bond and adding the hydrogen cation and water’s hydroxide anion
Definition of Strong Acids
The strength of an acid refers to the ease with which the acid loses a proton. A strong acid ionizes completely in an aqueous solution by losing one proton, according to the following equation:
[latex]\text{HA} (aq) \rightarrow \text{H}^+ (aq) + \text{A}^- (aq)[/latex]
where [latex]\text{HA}[/latex] is a protonated acid, [latex]\text{H}^+[/latex] is the free acidic proton, and [latex]\text{A}^-[/latex] is the conjugate base. Strong acids yield weak conjugate bases. For sulfuric acid, which is diprotic, the “strong acid” designation refers only to the dissociation of the first proton:
[latex]\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4 (aq) \rightarrow \text{H}^+ (aq) + \text{HSO}_4^- (aq)[/latex]
More precisely, the acid must be stronger in aqueous solution than a hydronium ion ([latex]\text{H}^+[/latex]), so strong acids have a [latex]\text{pKa}[/latex] < -1.74. An example is hydrochloric acid ([latex]\text{HCl}[/latex]), whose [latex]\text{pKa}[/latex] is -6.3. This generally means that in aqueous solution at standard temperature and pressure, the concentration of hydronium ions is equal to the concentration of strong acid introduced to the solution.
Due to the complete dissociation of strong acids in aqueous solution, the concentration of hydronium ions in the water is equal to the total concentration (ionized and un-ionized) of the acid introduced to solution:
[latex][ \text{H}^+ ] = [ \text{A}^- ] = [ \text{HA} ]_\text{total}[/latex] and [latex]\text{pH} = \text{-log}[ \text{H}^+ ][/latex].
Strong acids, like strong bases, can cause chemical burns when exposed to living tissue.
Examples of Strong Acids
Some common