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Tracking down the assumptions made by SciPy's `ttest_ind()` function

Asked 2012-04-06T02:43:26.437
8

I'm trying to write my own Python code to compute t-statistics and p-values for one and two tailed independent t tests. I can use the normal approximation, but for the moment I am trying to just use the t-distribution. I've been unsuccessful in matching the results of SciPy's stats library on my test data. I could use a fresh pair of eyes to see if I'm just making a dumb mistake somewhere.

Note, this is cross-posted from Cross-Validated because it's been up for a while over there with no responses, so I thought it can't hurt to also get some software developer opinions. I'm trying to understand if there's an error in the algorithm I'm using, which should reproduce SciPy's result. This is a simple algorithm, so it's puzzling why I can't locate the mistake.

My code:

import numpy as np
import scipy.stats as st

def compute_t_stat(pop1,pop2):

    num1 = pop1.shape[0]; num2 = pop2.shape[0];

    # The formula for t-stat when population variances differ.
    t_stat = (np.mean(pop1) - np.mean(pop2))/np.sqrt( np.var(pop1)/num1 + np.var(pop2)/num2 )

    # ADDED: The Welch-Satterthwaite degrees of freedom.
    df = ((np.var(pop1)/num1 + np.var(pop2)/num2)**(2.0))/(   (np.var(pop1)/num1)**(2.0)/(num1-1) +  (np.var(pop2)/num2)**(2.0)/(num2-1) ) 

    # Am I computing this wrong?
    # It should just come from the CDF like this, right?
    # The extra parameter is the degrees of freedom.

    one_tailed_p_value = 1.0 - st.t.cdf(t_stat,df)
    two_tailed_p_value = 1.0 - ( st.t.cdf(np.abs(t_stat),df) - st.t.cdf(-np.abs(t_stat),df) )    


    # Computing with SciPy's built-ins
    # My results don't match theirs.
    t_ind, p_ind = st.ttest_ind(pop1, pop2)

    return t_stat, one_tailed_p_value, two_tailed_p_value, t_ind, p_ind

Update:

After reading a bit more on the Welch's t-test, I saw that I should be using the We

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1 Answer

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You are not calculating the sample variance, but instead you are using population variances. Sample variance divides by n-1, instead of n. np.var has an optional argument called ddof for reasons similar to this.

This should give you your expected result:

import numpy as np
import scipy.stats as st

def compute_t_stat(pop1,pop2):

    num1 = pop1.shape[0]
    num2 = pop2.shape[0];
    var1 = np.var(pop1, ddof=1)
    var2 = np.var(pop2, ddof=1)

    # The formula for t-stat when population variances differ.
    t_stat = (np.mean(pop1) - np.mean(pop2)) / np.sqrt(var1/num1 + var2/num2)

    # ADDED: The Welch-Satterthwaite degrees of freedom.
    df = ((var1/num1 + var2/num2)**(2.0))/((var1/num1)**(2.0)/(num1-1) + (var2/num2)**(2.0)/(num2-1)) 

    # Am I computing this wrong?
    # It should just come from the CDF like this, right?
    # The extra parameter is the degrees of freedom.

    one_tailed_p_value = 1.0 - st.t.cdf(t_stat,df)
    two_tailed_p_value = 1.0 - ( st.t.cdf(np.abs(t_stat),df) - st.t.cdf(-np.abs(t_stat),df) )    


    # Computing with SciPy's built-ins
    # My results don't match theirs.
    t_ind, p_ind = st.ttest_ind(pop1, pop2)

    return t_stat, one_tailed_p_value, two_tailed_p_value, t_ind, p_ind

PS: SciPy is open source and mostly implemented with Python. You could have checked the source code for ttest_ind and find out your mistake yourself.

For the bonus side: You don't decide on the side of the one-tail test by looking at your t-value. You decide it beforehand with your hypothesis. If your null hypothesis is that the means are equal and your alternative hypothesis is that the second mean is larger, then your tail should be on the left (negative) side. Because sufficiently small (negative) values of your t-value would indicate that the alternative hypothesis is more likely to be true instead of the

answered 2012-04-06T04:33:10.787

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