Oracle 'Partition By' and 'Row_Number' keyword

I have a SQL query written by someone else and I'm trying to figure out what it does. Can someone please explain what the Partition By and Row_Number keywords does here and give a simple example of it in action, as well as why one would want to use it?

An example of partition by:

(SELECT cdt.*,
        ROW_NUMBER ()
        OVER (PARTITION BY cdt.country_code, cdt.account, cdt.currency
              ORDER BY cdt.country_code, cdt.account, cdt.currency)
           seq_no
   FROM CUSTOMER_DETAILS cdt);