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After much searching on StackOverflow, it seems rooting a device in the only way to create a VPN profile pre-4.0 My question is how do the following apps do it without root? http://www.featvpn.com/ https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.expressvpn.vpn&hl=en Update 1 Seems private API is the way to go pre-4.0. Unfortunately, not many resources out there to get started. Does anyone know if private api still requires a rooted device? Update 2 It seems you can do this using modified Android.jar or by using reflection. L2TP/IPSEC still requires rooted device. PPTP does not seem to. How to use internal APIs on Android Update 3 Please note, this is taken from various sources. It seems root is required because VpnService starts racoon, which then runs as a system user, and retrieves the PSK from the KeyStore. So KeyStore entries created by other apps aren't visible to racoon. (In linux environment, racoon is a security process assisting in IPSEC related key negotiations - IKE). This makes sense, however, there are still applications which achieve L2TP/IPSEC without root. Update 4 XinkVPN, source code to get started. Still does not allow users to create L2TP profile without user having to generate a key_store and recompile. Not very market friendly but a fabulous start. https://github.com/xinthink/xinkvpn http://code.google.com/p/xinkvpn/

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