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public class LoginAction extends ActionSupport { private String username; private String password; @Override public String execute() throws Exception { ActionContext ctx = ActionContext.getContext(); Integer counter = (Integer)ctx.getApplication().get("counter"); // put counter into application ctx.getApplication().put("counter", counter); // put username into session ctx.getSession().put("user", username); if (getUsername().equals("crazyit.org") && getPassword().equals("leegang")) { ctx.put("tip", "Login Success! "); return SUCCESS; } else { ctx.put("tip", "Login Falied!"); return ERROR; } } } I put counter in application, user in session, and tip in ActionContext . In JSP I can use ${session.user} and ${sessionScope.user} to reference the user property. ${request.tip} and ${requestScope.tip} to reference tip . My questions: Are session , request , application the same as sessionScope , requestScope , applicationScope in EL? What's the relationship between ActionContext and request(requestScope) ? P.S.: I test ${request == requestScope} which is true. Does this mean they are the same?

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