Inspired by Units of Measure in F#, and despite asserting (here) that you couldn't do it in C#, I had an idea the other day which I've been playing around with.

namespace UnitsOfMeasure
{
    public interface IUnit { }
    public static class Length
    {
        public interface ILength : IUnit { }
        public class m : ILength { }
        public class mm : ILength { }
        public class ft : ILength { }
    }
    public class Mass
    {
        public interface IMass : IUnit { }
        public class kg : IMass { }
        public class g : IMass { }
        public class lb : IMass { }
    }

    public class UnitDouble<T> where T : IUnit
    {
        public readonly double Value;
        public UnitDouble(double value)
        {
            Value = value;
        }
        public static UnitDouble<T> operator +(UnitDouble<T> first, UnitDouble<T> second)
        {
            return new UnitDouble<T>(first.Value + second.Value);
        }
        //TODO: minus operator/equality
    }
}

Example usage:

var a = new UnitDouble<Length.m>(3.1);
var b = new UnitDouble<Length.m>(4.9);
var d = new UnitDouble<Mass.kg>(3.4);
Console.WriteLine((a + b).Value);
//Console.WriteLine((a + c).Value); <-- Compiler says no

The next step is trying to implement conversions (snippet):

public interface IUnit { double toBase { get; } }
public static class Length
{
    public interface ILength : IUnit { }
    public class m : ILength { public double toBase { get { return 1.0;} } }
    public class mm : ILength { public double toBase { get { return 1000.0; } } }
    public class ft : ILength { public double toBase { get { return 0.3048; } } }
    public static 
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