I've seen other people mention several types of testing on Stack Overflow.
The ones I can recall are unit testing and integration testing. Especially unit testing is mentioned a lot. What exactly is unit testing? What is integration testing? What other important testing techniques should I be aware of?
Programming is not my profession, but I would like it to be some day;stuff about production etc is welcomed too.
Unit testing is simply the idea of writing (hopefully) small blocks of code to test independent parts of your application.
For example, you might have a calculator application and you need to make sure the addition function works. To do this you write a separate application that calls the addition function directly. Then your test function will evaluate the result to see if it jives with what you expected.
It's basically calling your functions with known inputs and verifying the output is exactly what you expected.