How can I make Emacs mouse scrolling slower and smoother?

It's impossible to have 'point' to exist somewhere outside of the current view; all the point movement commands move the display as well. I think that's a fundamental assumption that emacs makes.

I think what you want in your last point - to peek to a remote section and return - can be accomplished with registers:

This saves your position in register A:

C-x r A

And this restores the position from register A:

C-x r j A

If you do this a lot I'd advise binding those to things slightly less verbose :)

You can use some bookmark solution or the register, but also the build-in mark and the mark-ring -

(default binding) 

C-Space to set mark (push a mark in mark ring)
C-u C-Space to pop a mark off the ring; repeat this a few more time should 
            get you where you like to be

or if you don't have highlight region on or you don't mind seeing the highlighting,

C-x C-x (exchange-point-and-mark) switch between you current point and your previous mark.

Any alternative suggestion on how I could peek into some remote section of code and then quickly return to the former position is also welcome.

Ch 3 of Bob Glickstein's "Writing GNU Emacs Extensions" builds an unscroll-function (to return to a specified location in a scroll-command stack) as an programming example.

The code appears on-line, but there is a reported conflict with the ECB, if you use that.