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My trouble arose in Chapter 11 of the Ruby on Rails Tutorial here . I was seeing this rspec error: Failure/Error: :user => Factory(:user, :email => Factory.next(:email))) ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Email has already been taken first in user_spec.rb then in micropost_spec.rb . It was pretty puzzling. I thought the factory statements were generating a user in a fresh testing db each time autotest ran rspec. I checked out source files from the master branch with git and tried again, but saw the same error. I therefore suspected it related to the db contents somehow and not the code. So, I did the following: restarted "rails s" restarted autotest rake db:reset rake db:migrate rake db:test:prepare rake db:populate ... and it all went green. The rspec tests passed. There may be a more “to the point” solution, but I was thrilled this worked. Hope it helps someone else. I am left to conclude that my testing/development somehow added something to the db that was unexpected. I suppose the above steps are a good way to make yourself a fresh db near the end of chapter 11. Was there a more direct way to solve this? Does the error indicate some other issue that I addressed without realizing it? I am left thinking that running rspec does not guarantee a fresh testing db each time. Is that a wrong assumption?

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