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Going through the PDF spec, it says that the trailer precedes the startxref . Which to me, says that the xref can appear anywhere in the document, but the trailer still appears before the startxref . This makes sense until you have to parse it, because you have to parse in reverse you can't take into account comments or strings. Lets get a little more wacky then. trailer<< %\ /Size 4 %\ /Root 1 0 R %\ /Info 4 0 R %\ /Key (\ trailer<< %\ /Size 4 %\ /Root 2 0 R %\ /Info 3 0 R %\ >>%) >>&) % test test ) startxref 15 %%EOF Which is a perfectly valid trailer. The first one is the real trailer, but the second one is in a "string". In this case, reverse parsing is going to fail to catch the comments. Looking for the string trailer is going to fail if its apart of a comment or string. I was wondering what the best way of finding out where the trailer starts is? Update - This trailer seems to open in Acrobat Reader %PDF-1.3 %âãÏÓ xref 0 4 00000000 65535 f 00000110 00000 n 00000250 00000 n 00000315 00000 n 00000576 00000 n 1 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 2 0 R /OpenAction [ 3 0 R /XYZ null null null ] /PageLabels << /Nums [0 << /S /D >> ] >> >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Kids [ 3 0 R ] /Count 1 >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 2 0 R /Resources << >> /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] >> endobj 4 0 obj << /Producer (Me) /CreationDate (D:20110626000000Z) >> endobj trailer<< %\ /Size 4 %\ /Root 1 0 R %\ /Info 4 0 R %\ /Key (\ trailer<< %\ /Size 4 %\ /Root 2 0 R %\ /Info 3 0 R %\ >>%) >>%) % test test ) startxref 15 %%EOF As far as syntax goes, this conforms to spec. Somehow they seem to be able to know if they are in a comment, or a str

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