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I would imagine not. Are you having performance issues with your script? If not, then don't worry about it. If so, then what have you done to determine where the bottleneck lies?
If you need to know how long it's taking to include and parse the file with your defines in, then I'd suggest you time it.
$start = microtime (true);
include ('file_to_include.php');
echo (microtime (true) - $start);
I don't think it will have more impact than reading the file that contains 200 constants, then again it will be optimized by your disk cache. At least it is better than reading 200 constants from database. If you do care about performance, install an op cache, therefore, it will not require any additional parsing every time. For memory it depends on the type of your constants but it wont be much.