Learning Objectives
- [1]Compare and contrast the principles of major theories of learning and cognition and how they relate to adult learners.
- [2]Explain the development of cognitive processes throughout adulthood.
- [3]Provide a rationale for instructional strategies based on specific cognitive and/or learning principles.
Key Takeaways
- Some of the previous understandings of learning has been debunked.
- Additional theories have been added throughout the years due to technology.
- Neuroscience and learning theory have evolved exponentially since the invention of the MRI.
Popular Myths about Learning
According to Ulrich Boser, there are some misconceptions about learning (that we may believe) that research and studies have been proven not only inaccurate, but harmful to learning (Vozza, 2017).
Myth 1 – We have a set of learning styles commonly known as visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning. Better put – we have a preferred way of learning but we can learn in any of the ways depending on subject matter. Example: a kinesthetic learner cannot learn to sing a song by doing; learning would be auditory. {more reading can be found here}
Myth 2 – Rereading material is a good way to learn. While 80% of those surveyed in Boser’s study believed it was a highly effective tool in learning, research shows that quizzing yourself is a much better way to retain material. The repetitive nature of quizzing yourself fosters retention of content. Check out Quizlet for creating a free way to quiz yourself.
Myth 3 – Focus on one subject at a time to learn best. Studies show, however, that interdisciplinary studies produce better understanding. Hyper-focusing on one subject can become overwhelming and tedious. Switching between subjects gives the brain time to absorb the information and reflect. This is not to be confused with multitasking. Sometimes taking a break and returning refreshed is the best way to learn.
Myth 4 – Your first answer is often the right answer. Although we tend to believe this, taking a moment to consider the answer is a better approach. As noted in myth three, the brain needs time to absorb information, reflect, and associate.
Myth 5 – The more hours you devote to learning something, the better your understanding will be. Actually, just because someone puts several hours into writing a research paper, this does not make them an expert on writing any more than a person who put very little time into writing. In fact, it can often be more beneficial to spend less time with more focused feedback and input. [1]
New Approaches to Adult Learning
There are several expansions in adult learning theory that go beyond Andragogy and look to the future of adult education. Understanding the simple fact that adults learn through experiences, exposure, connectivity, and engagement with peers provide an overview of adult learning.
Connectivism [2]
- Learning through connections in networks of people (constituents, peers, social groups) and/or things (inte